中德两国大型区域供热系统的结构性差异与启示
Structural differences between China’s and Germany’s large district heating systems and their enlightenment
摘要：
从热源、调峰锅炉加输配站、输送管网、楼栋换热站、室内供暖系统等环节介绍了德国海德堡市的大型区域供热系统。经分析、比较中德两国的供热系统，发现德国的区域供热系统具有以下特点：1） 清洁环保、高效供热；2） 热用户可以自主选择高标准舒适供暖和全年使用集中生活热水；3） 其高效输配系统既可节省初投资，又能降低水系统输配能耗，还巧妙地解决了管网的水力平衡问题；4） 优良的调节性能使其供热系统既能适应天气的变化，又能有效地适应用户调节引起的流量变化，供热企业主要通过变流量调节实现供热系统节能；5） 整体的经济技术保证措施使得热计量行为节能目标得到彻底落实；6） 严格精细的保温规定为减少热输送过程中的热损失提供了可靠保证。
Abstract：
Presents the large district heating system in Heidelberg of Germany, including the aspects of the thermal power station, peak load natural gas or oil boiler and distribution station, distribution pipe network, building heating station and indoor heating system. The analysing and comparing results of the district heating system of China and Germany indicate that the German system has the following characteristics: 1. Heating in an environmental friendly and efficient way; 2. The users have a free choice of a higher comfort level heating and enjoy central domestic hot water all-the-year-round; 3. The high efficient distribution system reduces both the initial investment and energy consumption of water system, and solve the problem with hydraulic balance in the heating pipe network; 4. The better regulating ability helps the heating system to be adjusted according to both changes of the weather and the user side flow rate. 5. The overall economic and technical assurance measures make a perfect achievement of the behavior energy-saving target of heat metering. 6. The stringent requirements of heating pipe insulation reduce heat losses during the heating distribution process.
Keywords:clean heat source, annual heating, large temperature difference heating, hydraulic balance, building heating station, terminal variable flow rate adjustment, heat metering system