基于建筑光伏应用的零能耗建筑反向节能设计方法研究
Research on reverse energy-saving design method of zero energy buildings based on building photovoltaic applications
摘要：
建筑节能是实现碳达峰、碳中和目标的重要工作组成部分,零能耗建筑是近零能耗建筑的更高级表现形式,合理的建筑能效提升和建筑光伏应用是实现零能耗目标的关键技术措施。随着建筑节能标准的提升,主被动技术的节能边际效益收窄,伴随近期建筑光伏应用成本大幅下降,实现零能耗建筑的“被动式技术、主动式技术、光伏应用技术”的优先应用序列需要重新评估。本文提出了建筑光伏发电强度概念和计算公式,分析了建筑相关参数对光伏应用及发电量的影响,优化了主被动技术能效提升潜力,对比了光伏应用与能效提升的单位节能增量成本,提出了零能耗建筑反向节能设计方法,并通过案例进行了说明。研究发现:不同太阳总辐射年辐照量等级分区下,建筑光伏发电强度极值的上限为83～162 kW·h/(m2·a),下限为15～30 kW·h/(m2·a);屋面光伏、立面窗间墙光伏、玻璃幕墙光伏的单位节能增量成本分别为2.37～2.68、12.62～14.28、31.55～35.71元/(kW·h),不同主被动技术组合下能效提升的建筑节能增量成本为2.86～31.55元/(kW·h);零能耗建筑设计应优先进行屋面光伏满铺设计,通过屋面光伏最大发电量反推建筑节能技术路径,寻找建筑节能主被动技术与立面窗间墙光伏的成本平衡点,最后再考虑是否应用玻璃幕墙光伏。
Abstract：
Building energy-saving is an important part of achieving the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. The zero energy building is a more advanced form of nearly zero energy buildings, and reasonable building energy efficiency improvement and building photovoltaic (PV) application are the key technical measures to achieve the goal of zero energy. With the improvement of building energy efficiency standards, the energy-saving marginal benefit of active and passive technologies is narrowing, and with the recent sharp decline in the cost of building PV applications, the priority application sequence of “passive technology, active technology, PV application technology” to achieve zero energy buildings needs to be re-evaluated. This paper proposes the concept and calculation formula of building PV power generation intensity, analyses the influence of building-related parameters on PV application and power generation, optimizes the energy efficiency improvement potential of active and passive technologies, compares the unit energy-saving incremental cost of building PV application and building energy efficiency improvement, proposes a reverse energy-saving design method for zero energy buildings and illustrates it through cases. The results show that the upper limit of the extreme value of building PV power generation intensity is 83-162 kWh/(m2·a) and the lower limit is 15-30 kWh/(m2·a) under different annual solar radiation levels. The unit energy-saving incremental costs of roof PV, facade wall PV, and glass curtain wall PV are 2.37-2.68, 12.62-14.28, and 31.55-35.71 yuan/kWh, respectively. The building energy-saving incremental cost under different combinations of active and passive technologies is 2.86-31.55 yuan/kWh. In the design of zero energy buildings, the priority should be given to the full-coverage design of roof PV systems. By using the maximum power generation of roof PV systems to infer the technical path for building energy-saving, the cost balance point between the active and passive energy-saving technologies of buildings and the facade wall PV should be sought. Finally, whether to apply glass curtain wall PV systems should be considered.
Keywords:zero energy building; building photovoltaic; technology and economy; reverse energy-saving design; building photovoltaic power generation intensity; unit energy-saving incremental cost