空气净化技术研究(3):抗菌和抗病毒空气过滤器
Research on air purification technology (3): Antimicrobial and antiviral air filters
摘要：
空气过滤器能有效过滤室内环境中的细菌和病毒,但无法将其杀灭或灭活,导致过滤器可能成为微生物滋生和传播的二次污染源。本文聚焦抗菌和抗病毒空气过滤器的研发,首先梳理了空调房间内常见的细菌(如结核分枝杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌)、真菌(如曲霉属、青霉属)和病毒(如新冠病毒、流感病毒)等微生物的类型及其危害。随后,系统分析了3类可用于空气过滤器的抗菌和抗病毒材料:有机材料(如季铵盐、含氯消毒剂)、无机材料(如纳米银、氧化铜、石墨烯)和生物基材料(如壳聚糖、ε-聚赖氨酸)的抗菌机制、优缺点及应用现状。其中,无机材料中的金属纳米颗粒(如AgNP、CuONP)和金属有机框架(MOF)化合物因其高效广谱的抗菌和抗病毒性能备受关注,但存在毒性和成本问题;生物基材料的安全性高但持久性不足。最后,介绍了笔者研发的2种复合消毒液(CC01和CC02),其具有广谱抗菌性(对金黄色葡萄球菌杀灭率大于99.99%)、高效抗病毒性,对甲型流感病毒(H1N1)和新冠病毒(SARS-CoV-2)的灭活率达到99.99%,无毒且带有温和香味等特点,通过喷涂工艺应用于空气过滤器后,不影响过滤效率和阻力。研究表明,抗菌和抗病毒空气过滤器的发展对提升室内空气质量、阻断微生物传播具有重要的社会和环境意义。
Abstract：
Air filters can effectively remove bacteria and viruses from the indoor environment, but they cannot kill or inactivate them, which makes the filters potentially become a secondary pollution source for the proliferation and spread of microorganisms. This paper focuses on the research and development of antimicrobial and antiviral air filters. Firstly, it reviews the common types of bacteria (such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus), fungi (such as Aspergillus, Penicillium), and viruses (such as SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus) found in air-conditioned rooms and their hazards. Subsequently, it systematically analyses the antimicrobial mechanisms, advantages and disadvantages, and application status of three types of antimicrobial and antiviral materials that can be used in air filters: organic materials (such as quaternary ammonium salts, chlorine-containing disinfectants), inorganic materials (such as nano-silver, copper oxide, graphene), and bio-based materials (such as chitosan, ε-polylysine). Among them, metal nanoparticles (such as AgNP, CuONP) and metal-organic framework (MOF) compounds in inorganic materials have attracted much attention due to their high-efficiency and broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antiviral properties, but they have issues of toxicity and cost, and bio-based materials have high safety but insufficient durability. Finally, this paper presents two compound disinfectants (CC01 and CC02) developed by the author, which have broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties (the killing rate of Staphylococcus aureus is large than 99.99%), high antiviral efficiency, and inactivation rates of 99.99% for influenza virus (H1N1) and SARS-CoV-2. They are non-toxic and have a mild fragrance. These disinfectants are applied through spraying technology to air filters without affecting the filtration efficiency and resistance. The research shows that the development of antimicrobial and antiviral air filters holds significant social and environmental importance for improving indoor air quality and preventing the spread of microorganisms.
Keywords:antimicrobial and antiviral air filter; disinfectant; bacterium; fungus; virus; killing; inactivation; air purification