储能柜电池热失控气体扩散规律及消防通风性能研究
Study on gas diffusion laws and fire protection ventilation performance during battery thermal runaway within energy storage cabinets
摘要：
针对储能柜电池热失控释放可燃气体引发燃烧、爆炸等灾难性事故等问题,在热失控气体扩散理论基础上,建立了储能柜热失控气体泄漏扩散及通风过程的数值模型。研究了泄爆阀开启后热失控气体在密闭状态下的扩散规律及不同气流组织和排风量下热失控气体的排出特性。结果表明:泄爆阀开启后热失控气体30 s内到达柜体顶部,呈现“垂直-水平-沉降”扩散规律并形成浓度梯度层;相较于全面通风,局部通风在热失控气体控制效率方面具有显著优势;前顶排风与后底进风的气流组织方式可形成有效的纵向屏障以抑制热失控气体横向扩散;热失控气体排出性能随换气次数的增大而显著提高。提出了模块化储能柜消防通风系统气流组织与排风量的设计思路,为储能电柜的消防通风设计及安全运行提供理论依据。
Abstract：
To address catastrophic accidents like fires and explosions caused by flammable gas release during battery thermal runaway within energy storage cabinets, this paper establishes a numerical model simulating gas leakage, diffusion, and ventilation processes based on thermal runaway gas diffusion theory. The paper investigates the diffusion laws of thermal runaway gases under confined conditions following pressure relief valve activation, as well as the gas expulsion characteristics under different air distribution and exhaust volumes. The study reveals that thermal runaway gases reach the cabinet ceiling within 30 s after valve activation, exhibiting a distinct “vertical-horizontal-sedimentation” diffusion pattern and forming a concentration gradient layer. Compared to dilution ventilation, local ventilation demonstrates a marked advantage in controlling thermal runaway gases. A ventilation strategy employing front-top exhaust vents and rear-bottom air inlets generates an effective longitudinal barrier that significantly suppresses transverse gas dispersion. Furthermore, the expulsion performance of thermal runaway gases improves substantially with increasing air exchange rates. Based on these findings, a design methodology integrating air distribution and exhaust volumes for modular energy storage cabinet fire protection and ventilation systems is proposed, laying both theoretical and engineering foundations for the fire protection ventilation design and safe operation of battery energy storage cabinets.
Keywords:energy storage cabinet; battery thermal runaway; gas diffusion law; fire protection ventilation system; air distribution pattern; emergency ventilation rate