长江流域住宅分体式空调全年使用特性分析
Annual usage characteristics of air conditioners in residential buildings in the Yangtze River Basin
摘要：
为了明晰长江流域住宅居民采用分体式空调供暖供冷的行为特性，选取了4个典型城市的19户住户（均为新建住宅小区，家庭结构相似，采用一级能效房间空调器），对其空调房间全年温湿度和耗电量进行了连续一年的监测。结果显示：住户采用空调供暖多集中在12月，夏季供冷集中在7月中下旬至8月中上旬，空调开启比例高于50%，且多发生在20:00之后；空调单次连续开启时长呈左偏态分布，冬季连续开启时长≤2 h所占比例最大（61.8%），夏季连续开启时长1~4 h所占比例接近（10.2%~15.5%）；住户开启空调的平均“驱动温度”冬季呈“U”形分布（1月最低，12.6 ℃），夏季呈倒“U”形分布（7月最高，29.4 ℃），反映了实际住宅中居民的动态热适应性和真实供暖供冷需求；空调小时功率随室外温度升高/降低而显著增大，且夏季采用空调供冷的日均耗电量（2~4 kW·h）显著高于冬季，单位空调面积年平均耗电量在9.96~12.65 kW·h/（m2·a）范围内，且不同住户间差异显著。研究结果可为掌握该地区住宅冬夏季空调真实使用特性、制定适宜的居住建筑室内热环境标准、引导居民合理用能提供一定的参考。
Abstract：
To report the heating and cooling characteristics in residential buildings of the Yangtze River Basin, this study investigates the annual usage characteristics of room air conditioners (AC) in 19 households from four cities. These cases are all new buildings, with similar family structure and the same types of energy effective ACs. The indoor air temperature, relative humidity and AC electricity consumption are continuously monitored for one year. The results show that occupants use AC for heating mainly in December, while in summer the ACs are used at night and mainly from middle July to early August, and the proportion of ACs operation at the same time is higher than 50%, mainly occurring after 20:00. The duration hours for AC operation show a left-skewness distribution. The proportion of continuous operation time of less than 2 h is the highest (61.8%) in winter, while the proportions are close for 1 to 4 h in summer (10.2% to 15.5%). The driving temperature profile for occupants to turn on ACs is in U-shape in winter (min: 12.6 ℃ in January) and inverted U-shape in summer (max: 29.4 ℃ in July), indicating the dynamic thermal adaptability and comfort demands for occupants in residential buildings. The monitored power for AC increases with increasing/decreasing outdoor temperatures, and the daily electricity consumption for cooling in summer (2 to 4 kWh) is significantly higher than that for heating in winter. The annual mean electricity consumption for AC varies from 9.96 kWh/(m2·a) to 12.65 kWh/(m2·a) in different cities, while great differences exist among different homes. The results can provide references for understanding the energy usage characteristics of ACs for cooling and heating, formulating appropriate indoor thermal environment standards for residential buildings, and guiding the reasonable AC usage behaviors for occupants in the Yangtze River Basin.
Keywords:residential building; air conditioner; the Yangtze River Basin; heating; cooling; usage characteristic; electricity consumption